The next step in the story of the ascent of money was the rise of the joint-stock limited-liability company. But the ability of the company to transform our lives would depend on another innovation – the stock market. Niall Ferguson, The Ascent of Money e3: Blowing Bubbles
Stock markets really can be like soap bubbles – we never quiet know when they’re going to burst. ibid.
Ponzi scheme – after the legendary Italian-American con-man Charles Ponzi: to pay out the generous returns its promised to the first lot of suckers, a Ponzi scheme needed to take in more money from the next lot of suckers. ibid.
The Mississippi bubble of 1719 was the first stock market bubble in history. ibid.
Enron: It pioneered many of the dubious business practices that continue to plague us today. ibid.
The most basic financial impulse of all is to save for a rainy day. Niall Ferguson, The Ascent of Money e4: Risky Business
We’re stuck with random uncertainty. ibid.
It leaves you wondering why we bother spending so much on insurance policies every year. ibid.
A new idea began to emerge in Japan – that the state should take care of risk. ibid.
In theory derivatives offer a new way to hedge against an uncertain future. ibid.
It’s the English-speaking world’s favourite game – property. And today the stakes in the game are higher than ever. Niall Ferguson, The Ascent of Money e5: Safe as Houses
Property ownership was once the preserve of an aristocratic elite. ibid.
Yet the Savings & Loan crisis was a mere tremor compared with the property earthquake that would strike the US market twenty years later … The subprime quake would shake the entire world of finance to its very foundations. ibid.
We tend to think of property as a one-way bet. ibid.
In our time we’ve witnessed the zenith of global finance. In 2006 the world’s total economic output was worth around $47 trillion. The total value of stock and bond markets was roughly $119 trillion. More than twice the size. And the amount outstanding of the strange new financial life-form known as derivatives was $473 trillion. Ten times larger ... This is the story of financial globalisation. Professor Niall Ferguson e6, Ascent of Money: Chimerica
According to [George] Soros’s Theory of Reflexivity, financial markets can’t possibly be perfectly efficient much less rational ... His biggest coups came from being right about losers not winners. And the greatest of these was among the most momentous speculative hits in all of financial history. On September 16th 1992 with the British £ in big trouble I watched as Soros put out a contract on the Bank of England ... So sure was he that the £ would drop that he bet ten billion dollars. ibid.
The Nobel Prize in Economics. It seemed as if Intellect had triumphed over Intuition. As if rocket science had taken over from risk-taking. Equipped with their magical black box, the partners in LTCM seemed poised to make money far beyond the wildest imaginings of even George Soros. And then in the summer of 1998 when every self-respecting hedge-fund manager should have been playing with his yacht something happened that threatened to blow the lid right off the Nobel Prize winner’s black box: Reality started to misbehave ... On Monday August 17th 1998 a giant asteroid smashed into Planet Finance. ibid.
The only chance of survival was to find a White Knight to rescue them. And the most powerful Knight in town was none other than George Soros. It was the ultimate humiliation: the Quants from Planet Finance begging for a bail-out from the Prophet of Irrational Unquantifiable Reflexivity ... Fear that Long Term’s failure could trigger a general financial meltdown, the New York Federal Reserve hastily brokered a multi-billion-dollar bailout by fourteen Wall Street banks. ibid.
The ascent of money has seldom been smooth. Time and again it’s been punctuated by big painful crises. ibid.
American borrowers have come to rely on Chinese savers, a symbiotic relationship between China and America that I call Chimerica. ibid.
So enormous have Chinese saving become in recent years they’ve enabled globalisation to do the most almighty U-turn. Previously, it was the rich English speakers who lent money to the poor Asian periphery. But now it’s the Chinese who are lending money to the Americans. Welcome to the strange new hybrid country of China and America – I call it Chimerica. ibid.
The People’s republic of China has become banker to the United States of America. ibid.
What starts with competition for Olympic medals could end in a battle over dollars if the Chinese decide one day to cut off their credit line to the American empire. Maybe as it name suggests Chimerica is nothing more than a chimera ... The really big crises come just seldom enough to be beyond the living memory of the people who run today’s companies, banks and funds. ibid.
The Ascent of Money has been one of the key factors in human progress, an extraordinary story of innovation, intermediation and integration that has done as much as anything to help people escape from the drudgery of subsistence agriculture. And yet Planet Finance can never quite escape from the gravitational force of Planet Earth. Because the Quants can never take full account of the human factor – our tendency to underestimate the probability of black swans. Our propensity to veer from euphoria to despondency. Our chronic inability to learn from History. ibid.
Business! Mankind was my business. The common welfare was my business; charity, mercy, forbearance, and benevolence, were all my business. The dealings of my trade were but a drop of water in the comprehensive ocean of my business! Charles Dickens, A Christmas Carol, Marley’s ghost
A merchant shall hardly keep himself from doing wrong. Ecclesiasticus 26:29
Wist ye not that I must be about my Father’s business? Luke 2:49
My own business always bores me to death; I prefer other people’s. Oscar Wilde
Business is a game, played for fantastic stakes, and you’re in competition with experts. If you want to win, you have to learn to be a master of the game. Sidney Sheldon, Master of the Game
In business, sir, one has no friends, only correspondents. Alexandre Dumas
A business has to be involving, it has to be fun, and it has to exercise your creative instincts. Richard Branson
Business is more exciting than any game. Lord Beaverbrook
The critical ingredient is getting off your butt and doing something. It’s as simple as that. A lot of people have ideas, but there are few who decide to do something about them now. Not tomorrow. Not next week. But today. The true entrepreneur is a doer, not a dreamer. Nolan Bushnell
It was presented scientifically. But then they always present it scientifically. As being the only way of doing it; there is no alternative. And this gripped people. But at the same time you must never forget that politics is in pursuit of an interest and an ideological ... So the conflict between as it were Milton Friedman and Keynes was a political conflict. Tony Benn, televised interview
Business knows no pity, and cares for justice only when justice is seen to be better policy. If it had power to control the elements, it would grasp in its iron clutches the waters, sunshine and air and resell them by measure, and at exorbitant prices to the millions of famished men, women and children. W A Duncan, cited Cherokee Advocate, 1892
I live in the Managerial Age, in a world of Admin. The greatest evil is not now done in those sordid ‘dens of crime’ that Dickens loved to paint. It is not done even in concentration camps and labour camps. In those we see its final result. But it is conceived and ordered (moved, seconded, carried, and minuted) in clean, carpeted, warmed and well-lighted offices, by quiet men with white collars and cut fingernails and smooth-shaven cheeks who do not need to raise their voices. Hence, naturally enough, my symbol for Hell is something like the bureaucracy of a police state or the office of a thoroughly nasty business concern. C S Lewis, The Screwtape Letters preface
We are being made aware that the organization of society on the principle of private profit, as well as public destruction, is leading both to the deformation of humanity by unregulated industrialism, and to the exhaustion of natural resources, and that a good deal of our material progress is a progress for which succeeding generations may have to pay dearly. T S Eliot
And here it becomes evident that the bourgeoisie is unfit any longer to be the ruling class in society and to impose its conditions of existence upon society as an over-riding law. It is unfit to rule because it is incompetent to assure an existence to its slave within his slavery, because it cannot help letting him sink into such a state that it has to feed him instead of being fed by him. Society can no longer live under this bourgeoisie; in other words, its existence is no longer compatible with society.
The essential condition for the existence, and for the sway of the bourgeois class, is the formation and augmentation of capital; the condition for capital is wage-labour. Wage-labour rests exclusively on competition between the labourers. The advance of industry, whose involuntary promoter is the bourgeoisie, replaces the isolation of the labourers, due to competition, by their revolutionary combination, due to association. The development of modern industry, therefore, cuts from under its feet the very foundation on which the bourgeoisie produces and appropriates products. What the bourgeoisie therefore produces, above all, are its own grave diggers. Its fall and the victory of the proletariat are equally inevitable. Karl Marx, The Communist Manifesto